2012年4月20日星期五

Climate Change Has Nothing to Do With Al Gore - BusinessWeek

I’m a moderate Republican - a fan of small government, light regulation and market solutions. A serial entrepreneur, I founded companies that invented 3-D?television?weather graphics and the first app on a cell phone. I’m a Penn State meteorologist. My day-job since 1979: tracking weather for TV news.

If you know anything about American politics these days, and follow the climate war at all, you might anticipate with some confidence that I agree global warming is a hoax. That’s a shame, and I hope it changes soon.

In the 1980s I was skeptical that an upward blip in global temperatures was the result of manmade gases. Then the blips persisted. By the mid-90s I began to see them as unsettling changes. The weather was becoming erratic and even more unpredictable than usual. Storms were more frequent and intense. Curious, I began including climate statistics in daily TV weather segments, like annual trends in flash-flooding, hail, summer humidity, fewer subzero nights and decreased snowfall.

Mixing climate and weather was a problem in local TV news, with its reliance on Q-scores and market research. Finally, in 2008 I lost my job in local TV. I continued to write a daily column for the Star Tribune. Mixing climate news in with weather reports made me a lightning rod for skeptics there, too. The flame-mail was relentless. “Stop proselytizing, you crazy liberal – climb back under your rock!” wrote one reader. That's one of the tamer, more family-friendly messages I've received.

I don’t take speaking out on this topic lightly. My father escaped a communist regime in East Germany, moved to the U.S. and became a Republican. He taught me to never take my freedom for granted. He taught me “actions have consequences.” That’s true of nations as it is of individuals. It is sheer lunacy to pretend that releasing 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year won't come back to bite us.

Climate is what you expect; weather is what you get, the saying goes.?Climate is the weather over a long period of time -- 15 or 30 years. We've pushed the bell curve of 'average weather' in a new and more extreme direction. There are simply too many coincidences not to take this seriously.

Climate science shows that over a long period of time, the statistics have changed. Things that used to happen a lot, like consistent winter snow cover, are happening less reliably. Things that happened every now and then, like droughts and wildfires, are happening more reliably. And things that almost never happened -- such as the 15,000 new U.S. temperature records in March -- sometimes now do occur. And they can’t be explained with purely meteorological reasoning.

The changes we’re seeing, far more than I can list here, seem like an accumulation of coincidences. Pieced together, reveal the full puzzle: There’s more heat and moisture in the atmosphere, and our emissions are largely responsible for keeping it there.

The millennium’s first decade was the warmest on record and included nine of the 10 hottest years. Greenhouse gas levels are at their highest in 800,000 years. Less heat is escaping the top of the atmosphere in the wavelengths of greenhouse gases. For the first time, scientists have recorded both hemispheres are warming – and the global temperature spike can’t be linked to an astronomical trigger, such as solar variability. Great Lakes peak ice has seen a 71 percent drop since 1973. Winters are shorter. Lakes melt earlier. Plants are moving north.

Worldwide, 95% of land-based glaciers are losing mass. September Arctic sea ice has lost 10 percent of its area every decade. Sea levels are rising. Oceans are 30 percent more acidic. Flooding and extreme storms are spiking in frequency and intensity. Last winter was the 4th warmest on record, despite the cooling influence of a La Nina phase in the Pacific.

Extremes are becoming more extreme. And none of it has anything to do with Al Gore.

During a 2007 homecoming banquet for Iraqi war vets I asked my personal hero, Senator John McCain, if he thought this could all be some cosmic coincidence. He rolled his eyes. “Paul, I just returned from the Yukon, where a village elder presented me with a tomahawk that had just melted out of the permafrost. The answer is no.”

How did so much of the Republican Party enter perpetual denial? We’ve turned climate science into a bizarre litmus test for conservatism. To pretend that heat-trapping gases can be waved away with a nod and a smirk is political fairytale. No harm. No foul. Keep drilling.

I’m a Christian and ultimately come to Christ through faith. With climate change no faith is required. There is a large and growing body of evidence. The way nature works applies the same to Republican and Democrat, Christian and Muslim, animal, tree and stone. Why do people who profess to love and follow God roll their eyes? Luke 16:2 says “Man has been appointed as a steward for the management of God’s property, and ultimately he will give account for his stewardship.”

It’s a message that my father put succinctly: Actions have consequences.

Paul Douglas is a Twin Cities meteorologist and the founder of five companies, including WeatherNation TV, a new 24-hour weather channel.

Visit www.bloomberg.com/sustainability for the latest from Bloomberg News about energy, natural resources and global business.


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Cosmic ray source riddle mystery now even more mysterious - Register

Eggheads stumped after killer gamma rays ruled out. Probably

Boffins are now even more puzzled about where high-energy cosmic rays come from after a new study showed that gamma ray bursts are probably not to blame.

Cosmic rays hitting Earth

Cosmic rays hitting Earth. Credit: NSF/J. Yang

Astroboffins only had two theories about what causes cosmic rays, which regularly penetrate Earth's atmosphere: huge explosions out in space or supermassive black holes.

Now an international group, made up of no fewer than 250 physicists and engineers, says that the suspected gamma radiation bursts are unlikely to be the source for cosmic rays because they couldn't find any neutrinos emitted from the mother-of-all space bangs they observed.

Cosmic rays are electrically charged subatomic particles with energies of up to one hundred million times more than those created in manmade accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider. A gamma ray, meanwhile, is high-energy electromagnetic radiation that's harmful to life.

Using the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole in Antarctica, the boffins watched 300 gamma ray bursts (GRBs) while searching for the neutrinos that are believed to be linked with cosmic ray generation, and found none.

"The result of this neutrino search is significant because for the first time we have an instrument with sufficient sensitivity to open a new window on cosmic ray production and the interior processes of GRBs," said IceCube spokesperson and University of Maryland physics professor Greg Sullivan in a canned statement.

"The unexpected absence of neutrinos from GRBs has forced a re-evaluation of the theory for production of cosmic rays and neutrinos in a GRB fireball and possibly the theory that high energy cosmic rays are generated in fireballs."

The IceCube laboratory

The IceCube observatory spots neutrinos by the faint blue light they produce when they interact with ice. It's basically a cubic kilometre of glacial ice equipped with more than 5,000 optical sensors.

This is the best way to "see" neutrinos because they can easily pass through other matter, including people or the whole planet, without leaving a trace.

Of course, being scientists, this study's boffins aren't willing to completely bin the GRB theory yet - instead they're getting the IceCube detector to collect more data first.

"Although we have not discovered where cosmic rays come from, we have taken a major step towards ruling out one of the leading predictions," said IceCube's principal investigator Francis Halzen of the University of Wisconsin.

The study was published today in Nature. ?


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2nd Wave of Gray Whales Heads North - Patch.com

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It appears that more cow-calf pairs of gray whales are headed for Southern California waters on their northbound journey back to Alaska. In the longest mammalian migration known to man—8,500 to 12,500 miles—the leviathans are now departing the lagoons of Baja California and headed back to the nutrient-rich Bering Sea.

The first wave of northbound whales passed by Southern California in March and continues to filter through and up the coast. Now, a second wave of these incredible creatures is making their way up the coast and should continue to delight Southern California whale watchers for weeks to come.

According to Mexico's Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources, a record-setting number of gray whales was born in Baja California waters this year. Mexican authorities have counted 1,198 whale calves and 523 adults, a dramatic upsurge from the 599 counted in 2011 and the 183 counted in 2010.

The whale count is the highest it has been since 1996, when environmental authorities counted 2,721 gray whales. Between 2007 and February of 2012, over 3,000 gray whales were born in the warm water lagoons of Baja California.

“We're talking about 3,553 gray whales which have appeared here,” said Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada, Mexican Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources.

In the 1880s and again in the early 1900s, whalers in Mexico hunted the gray whale to the brink of extinction. Early whalers called the gray whale the “devilfish” because of its reputation for a fierce battle and overturning boats when attacked. In the 1930s, the gray whale became protected and in the ’70s, the gray was listed as endangered.

Today, Mexico protects the gray whales in its Baja Lagoons. “This is the product of a 20-year policy,” Quesada explained. “All of Mexico's sanctuaries and territorial waters are good for the whales. Mexico is working to recover the whale population on this side of the Pacific.”

Far from being a “devilfish,” many now call gray whales “friendlies” because of their penchant for approaching whale watchers and seeking human interaction.

The northbound gray whales pass by some of the largest cities in the world. That brings with it some inherent dangers, such as ship traffic. Another major obstacle for cow-calf pairs is predation by orcas, commonly known as killer whales. Gray whales are an important food source for orcas. One calf can feed up to 30 orcas, serving as an important supplement to the orcas' more regular diet of sea lions and other smaller mammals.

Fishing nets are another obstacle to the gray whales’ migration. Photos of Humpback whales for a recent government report found that more than half of the whales had signs of injuries from fishing gear. Three gray whales have become entangled in fishing gear passing by Southern California this past month alone.?

You can witness this dramatic life and death journey as these incredible animals pass by Southern California. It is an amazing journey that you can see in the wild and just a few minutes off our coast.

Local fishing stays steady

The three-quarter-day Tradition out of Redondo Sportfishing continues to see excellent rockfishing, possibly due to the cold water this year that’s stimulated the rockfish population. The crew has scheduled two very special days of fishing on April 25 and 26. Besides fishing, there will be raffles, Fishing with Phil, pro-staffers on deck—all at the same regular price of $60. The crew will also be looking for some surface action, too. The trips depart at 6 a.m. and return around 4 p.m. Call 310-372-2111 or 424-237-0250 for reservations.

Twilight sand bass fishing has been good for the Native Sun out of Long Beach Sportfishing for most of the winter and spring. “We have seen nice big sandies on most trips,” said Captain Gabriel Ceballos. The bass have been taken best on a two-ounce banana leadhead tipped with squid.

On Saturday, Ceballos took a Fishing with Phil group out in the face of a forecast calling for gale-force winds. Ceballos said all along that the winds would back off and that the fish would bite. He was right on. The winds calmed down and the fish put on as good a bite as has been seen all year long.

Lots of big sand bass, a medical emergency at sea, and more on this memorable trip. Ceballos will be out this Friday and Saturday night from 6:30 p.m. until midnight for more twilight action. Call 562-432-8993 for reservations.

If you would like to go Fishing with Phil, you can find a schedule online at PhilFriedmanOutdoors.com


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2012年4月19日星期四

Space zucchini's life and times shared by astronaut - Mother Nature Network


Zucchini plant on the International Space Station
SPACE SQUASH: The celebrity zucchini plant floats aboard the International Space Station. (Photo: Don Pettit/NASA)Call it Zucchininaut. Or maybe Astrocchini.A zucchini plant growing on the International Space Station is not only forging new scientific territory, but is winning the hearts of its human crewmates.NASA astronaut Don Pettit, currently midway through a five-month stay on the orbiting laboratory, has taken a special shine to the space plant, and even writes blog posts in the voice of the zucchini."I became aware of my fellow crewmates for the first time," wrote Pettit as the zucchini on his blog Letters to Earth.?"It takes a sprout a few days before grasping your surroundings.?One is my gardener who waters my roots every day.?I overheard that we are in a spacecraft orbiting Earth and are part of a long space mission.?As crew, I am not sure of my role but am ready to contribute what I can."Pettit is part of the six-man (and one-zucchini) crew of the space station's Expedition 30 mission, led by NASA astronaut commander Dan Burbank. The two Americans are joined by three Russian cosmonauts and a European Space Agency astronaut from the Netherlands."I am becoming confused," wrote Pettit, as the plant. "These 16 short periods of day and night every 24 hours are making me jet-lagged.?My photosynthesis activity just gets going and then abruptly shuts down.?Repeating this cycle is putting me into a dither.?My leaves do not sing as loud."The plant is housed in a Ziploc bag that retains moisture, and is fed a special nutrient concoction. It's being grown in a method called aeroponics that requires little soil or water."My gardener fusses with my leaves," wrote the plant, via Pettit.?"I am not sure if I like that.?I now have four and I do not quite understand why he behaves this way.?He sticks his nose up against them.?Does he take me for some sort of a handkerchief??Apparently he takes pleasure in my earthy green smell.?There is nothing like the smell of living green in this forest of engineered machinery.?I see the resultant smile.?Maybe this is one of my roles as a crewmember on this expedition."In addition to its science benefits, the zucchini brings a little more life to the small, sterile habitat in orbit.?After a while, the space zucchini wasn't alone as the only photosynthesis-based member of the space station's crew. Soon enough two other plant species were being grown alongside it."We have two new crewmates, Sunflower and Broccoli," Pettit-as-zucchini wrote.?"Sunflower has a long stem for the size of his leaves.?He is standing tall.?Broccoli is small and weak.?His sprout is so small that without the normal gravitational signals, surface tension forces keep his cotyledons from breaking free from the damp pigmat medium.?Effectively, his first two leaves are glued down to a wet layer.?Within a day or two mold takes over and the poor sprout dies.?It grieves me to see them die.?Life can be tough on the frontier."Though Pettit has been diligently blogging as his green-leafed friend, he was surprised at the positive reaction his "Diary of a Space Zucchini" posts were getting. Someone even started a Twitter account, @Astro_Zuc, to speak for the orbital plant."Space zucchini is doing fine and I probably get the most benefit out of him or her or it, just because I'm the gardener, so the gardener has its privileges," Pettit said during a space-to-ground press conference. "I am a little surprised. I fire off these little blogs and I don't get much feedback, so I'm surprised that other people seem to be following what's going on to my space zucchini. I understand that my space zucchini even has a Twitter account. It brings a smile to my face to see people are interested in such trimmings associated with the serious business of flying in space."You can follow SPACE.com assistant managing editor Clara Moskowitz on Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz. Follow SPACE.com for the latest in space science and exploration news on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.Copyright 2012 SPACE.com, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Mexican volcano hurls hot rock half-mile into sky - The Associated Press

Mexican volcano hurls hot rock half-mile into sky(AP) – 1 hour ago?

MEXICO CITY (AP) — Mexico's Popocatepetl volcano has hurled super-heated rock fragments half a mile (a kilometer) into the air and officials warn more and bigger outbursts are likely.

The volcano southeast of Mexico City has sent giant plumes of ash and water vapor into the air, which may trigger fallouts of gritty, abrasive volcanic ash that can ruin car engines and block drains.

The National Disaster Prevention Center said in a report Thursday that ash may fall on the eastern flank of the peak, away from the Mexican capital.

The volcano had spouted ash or vapor about 15 times over the last 24 hours.

Authorities this week raised the alert level due to increasing activity at the 17,886-foot (5,450-meter) peak. Its most violent eruption in 1,200 years occurred on Dec. 18, 2000.

Copyright ? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.


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Radiation races toward NASA spacecraft; it may be 'a good thing' - Los Angeles Times

A solar flare that sparked a spectacular light show Monday took a convenient left turn. But although Earth is now safe from the impact of a solar storm, some NASA spacecraft are in the line of fire.

A solar observatory that monitors space flares; the Mars Science Laboratory, now traveling to Mars with precious cargo, the rover Curiosity; and the Spitzer Space Telescope will feel the effects of the solar storm, said solar astrophysicist Alex Young.

"The Spitzer Space Telescope is going to take the biggest impact," Young said Tuesday in an interview with The Times.

And that's just fine.

Such craft are battle-ready, scientists are prepared to take evasive action, and there are some tough lessons that need to be learned for the sake of space exploration.

As Young noted, scientists want -- and need -- to know what radiation is like in space, not to mention the problems it can cause. "Someday ... we hope to travel to Mars ... eventually with manned missions, so it's critical we understand the radiation environment."

Still, solar storms can deliver a powerful punch. A flare is followed by a blast of material called a coronal mass ejection, made up of solar plasma and ionized gas that contains a magnetic field.

Such an ejection has "a snowplow effect," said the scientist, an ADNET Systems employee who works at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. As the plasma and gas move through space, they can gather up particles, creating a storm that's "very, very high energy, very fast."

For spacecraft, such a storm can short out electronics and even damage solar panels.? And it can pose a deadly peril for astronauts (though none are in danger from this solar event), creating the potential for radiation sickness that, if strong enough, could prove fatal.

Monday's "moderate-size" flare shouldn't result in great danger to the NASA spacecraft.? But even so, Young said, they are hard-tested to ensure they can handle this sort of thing -- and more.

In addition to having tough equipment, the spacecraft have something else going for them -- operators who keep on top of hazardous space weather.

A primary job of the Space Weather Center? is to forecast space weather to make spacecraft operators aware of possible problems, Young said. If necessary, a craft can go into "safe mode," which means to power down -- sort of like "unplugging the TV set if you knew a lightning storm was going to hit your house."

And when the bad weather hits, the Mars Science Laboratory can gather data.? The laboratory has a "radiation assessment detector" whose purpose is measuring radiation.?

So riding out a solar storm isn't bad.

"In some ways, it might even be considered a good thing," Young said. "It allows us to make measurements and figure out just what it's like out there in space."

[For the record, 6:08 a.m. April 18: An earlier version of this post incorrectly linked to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Weather Prediction Center instead of the NASA Goddard Space Weather Center.]

ALSO:

1, 2, 3 ... counting penguins -- by satellite

Delivering the space shuttles is tougher than you may think

Titanic today might dodge better but would encounter more icebergs

Amy Hubbard on Google+



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2012年4月6日星期五

Atom smasher collides particles at record energies - Fox News

A simulation of a particle collision inside the Large Hadron Collider

A simulation of a particle collision inside the Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest particle accelerator near Geneva, Switzerland. When two protons collide inside the machine, they create an energetic explosion that gives rise to new and exotic particles.CERN

Physicists have started running the world's largest particle accelerator at a new record energy and taking the first data from these ultra-powerful collisions.

Protons zoom around the 17 mile (27 kilometer) underground loop of the Large Hadron Collider below Switzerland and France, and then crash into each other, dissolving into new and sometimes exotic particles. Scientists have now sped up those protons a bit more, sending them speeding toward each other at energies of 4 teraelectron volts (TeV), creating a collision energy of 8 TeV — a new world record.

"The increase in energy is all about maximizing the discovery potential of the LHC," Sergio Bertolucci, director of research at the LHC's home lab CERN, said in a statement. "And in that respect, 2012 looks set to be a vintage year for particle physics."

'The increase in energy is all about maximizing the discovery potential of the LHC.'

- Sergio Bertolucci, director of research

Ramping up to higher energies means the LHC has a better chance of creating the rare and highlysought particles it was designed to search for. These include the long-theorized, but not-yet-detected Higgs boson particle, as well as the particles predicted by a physics theory called supersymmetry. If supersymmetric particles are discovered, they may offer an explanation for the mystery of dark matter, the invisible stuff thought to make up most of the matter in the universe. [Wacky Physics: The Coolest Little Particles in Nature]

LHC was opened in September 2008, but shut off nine days later after an accident damaged a number of its superconducting magnets. The accelerator was fixed and got back up and running a little over a year later, and has been operating steadily since. Starting in March 2010, the proton beams have been colliding at energies of 3.5 TeV, creating a smash of 7 TeV.

"The experience of two good years of running at 3.5 TeV per beam gave us the confidence to increase the energy for this year without any significant risk to the machine," said Steve Myers, CERN's director for accelerators and technology. "Now it's over to the experiments to make the best of the increased discovery potential we're delivering them!"

The increased energy should mean more Higgs boson particles are produced, if they exist. Already, scientists at two of the LHC's experiments, Atlas and CMS, have seen promising indications of an excess of particles weighing around 125 GeV (gigaelectron volts) — potentially a sign of the Higgs. Yet physicists say they don't have enough data to confirm a discovery with certainty.

The increased energy should up the chances of creating Higgs particles inside the machine, though it will also create more of the "background" particles that produce similar signatures, and must be weeded out from the data.

Ultimately, scientists plan to run particle beams through the LHC at an astounding 7TeVeach, producing collisions of a whopping 14TeV. To do that, they'll need to refurbish the accelerator during a planned shutdown at the end of this year.

You can follow LiveScience senior writer Clara Moskowitz on Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz. Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.

Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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